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Dagaalkii Muqdisho ee “Black Hawk Down”

Oktoobar 3, 2026

WQ: Bahda Tifaftirka 

Maanta oo kale, 3dii Oktoobar 1993kii, waxaa magaalada Muqdisho ka qarxay dagaal culus oo dhex maray ciidammada gaarka ah ee Maraykanka iyo xoogaggii hubaysnaa ee Isbahaysigii Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNA), ee uu hoggaaminayay Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid. Dagaalkan, oo socday ilaa subaxnimadii 4tii Oktoobar, ayaa taariikhda ku galay magacyada “Maalintii Raanjariska” (Rangers Day), “Dagaalkii Muqdisho” (Battle of Mogadishu) iyo “Black Hawk Down”, isaga oo ka mid noqday dhacdooyinkii sida weyn u saameeyay sooyaalka colaaddii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, faragelintii milatari ee caalamiga ahayd iyo siyaasaddii arrimaha dibedda ee Maraykanka.

Dhacdadan waxaa ka horreeyay burburkii Dawladdii Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Jannaayo 1991kii, iyo dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay, kuwaas oo dalka u horseeday burbur baahsan, barakac, macluul iyo kaladaadashadii hay’adihii dawliga ahaa. Xaaladdaas ayaa sababtay faragelintii Qaramada Midoobay, oo Abriil 1992kii dhistay Hawlgalkii UNOSOM I, si loo kormeero xabbadjoojinta, loona sugo gaarsiinta gargaarka bani’aadamnimada.

Xilligaas, sawirradii iyo warbixinnadii ay saxaafadda caalamiga ahi ka diyaarisay Soomaaliya ayaa door ku lahaa in indhaha dunida lagu soo jeediyo macluushii iyo colaaddii dalka ka jirtay. Saxafiyiintii wax ka qorayay xaaladdaas waxaa ka mid ahaa Dan Eldon (1970–1993), oo ahaa sawirqaade ku dhashay Ingiriiska, kuna soo koray Kenya. Eldon ayaa 1992kii tagay magaalada Baydhabo, oo ka mid ahayd degaannadii sida daran ay macluushu u saamaysay. Sawirradii uu ka qaaday carruurtii nafaqodarradu haysay, qoysaskii macluulaysnaa iyo dadkii ay colaadda iyo gaajadu saameeyeen ayaa ka mid noqday muuqaalladii lagu baahiyay warbaahinta caalamiga ah. Eldon wuxuu markii danbe sawirqaade u noqday wakaaladda wararka ee Reuters, isaga oo Muqdisho ka sii waday diiwaangelinta dhacdooyinkii dalka ka socday.

3dii Diseenbar 1992kii, Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa soo saaray Qaraarkii 794, oo oggolaaday in ciidammo caalami ah loo diro Soomaaliya. Waxaa xigay Hawlgalkii Rejosoocelinta (Operation Restore Hope), oo ay fulinayeen ciidammadii UNITAF, ee uu Maraykanku hoggaaminayay. 9kii Diseenbar ayay ciidammadii ugu horreeyay ee Maraykanku ka soo degeen Muqdisho.

4tii Maajo 1993kii, masuuliyadda hawlgalka waxaa la wareegay ciidammadii Qaramada Midoobay ee UNOSOM II, oo loo xilsaaray nabadaynta, hubkadhigista kooxihii hubaysnaa iyo gacan ka geysashada dibudhiska hay’adaha dawliga ah. Hasayeeshee, xiriirkii ciidammada Qaramada Midoobay iyo xoogaggii Jeneraal Caydiid ayaa sii xumaaday, gaar ahaan, kaddib, dagaalkii 5tii Juun 1993kii, oo lagu dilay 24 askari oo nabad-ilaalineed oo u dhashay Bakistaan. Maalintii xigtay, Golaha Ammaanka ayaa soo saaray Qaraarkii 837, oo dalbaday in tallaabo laga qaado kuwii ka danbeeyay weerarradaas.

Xiisadda ayaa sii xoogaysatay markii ciidammada Maraykanku ay 12kii Luulyo 1993kii duqeeyeen guri ku yaallay koonfurta Muqdisho, oo ay shir ku lahaayeen xubno taageersanaa Caydiid, odayaal dhaqameed iyo dad kale. Dhacdadan, oo Soomaalidu u taqaanno “Isniintii Dhiigga”, ayaa sababtay dhimasho iyo dhaawac badan. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqayrta Cas ayaa xilligaas sheegay in 54 qof ay ku dhinteen, 174 kalana ku dhaawacmeen. Dhanka Maraykanka, waxaa la sheegay in gurigu ahaa xarun laga abaabulayay hawlgallada Isbahaysiga, halka dhinaca Soomaalida qaarkood ay ku doodeen in halkaas uu ka socday kulan dhexdhexaadin iyo dibuheshiisiin ah.

Duqayntaas ayaa sidoo kale sababtay dhacdo kale oo raad xanuun badan ku reebtay taariikhda saxaafadda. Dan Eldon iyo saddex saxafi oo kale, oo kala ahaa Hosea Maina, Anthony Macharia iyo Hansi Krauss, ayaa u dhaqaaqay goobtii la duqeeyay, si ay u diiwaangeliyaan khasaaraha iyo xaaladda ka dhalatay weerarka. Hasayeeshee, dad caraysnaa oo goobta ku sugnaa ayaa weeraray saxafiyiinta, iyaga oo afartoodiiba dilay. Eldon, Maina iyo Macharia waxay u shaqaynayeen Reuters, halka Krauss uu la shaqaynayay Associated Press. Saxafi kale oo la socday, Maxamed Shaffi, ayaa dhaawac ku baxsaday.

Dhimashada afartaas saxafi ayaa ka mid noqotay dhacdooyinkii muujiyay heerka ay gaartay xiisaddii Muqdisho iyo halistii ay la kulmayeen dadkii isku dayayay inay dunida gaarsiiyaan xogta colaadda Soomaaliya. Dhanka kale, duqayntii 12kii Luulyo ayaa sii xoojisay caradii iyo kalsoonidarradii hore uga dhex jirtay qaybo ka mid ah bulshada Muqdisho iyo ciidammada shisheeye.

Ciidammada gaarka ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ka mid ahaayeen Rangers, Delta Force iyo xubno ka tirsanaa SEAL Team Six, ayaa Muqdisho ka waday hawlgallo lagu baadigoobayay Jeneraal Caydiid iyo saraakiishiisa. Howard E. Wasdin, oo ka tirsanaa SEAL Team Six, ayaa buuggiisa SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper ku faahfaahiyay hawlgalladii sirdoonka, gaar ahaan adeegsiga dad Soomaaliyeed oo xog-ururinta ka caawinayay ciidammada Maraykanka, iyo xarun qarsoodi ah oo lagu magacaabi jiray Pasha. Hawlgalladaas waxaa ka mid ahaa qabashadii Cismaan Cali Caato, oo ka mid ahaa saraakiishii ugu dhowaa Caydiid, bishii Sebtembar 1993kii.

Galabnimadii Axadda, 3dii Oktoobar 1993kii, ciidammada gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa hawlgal ka tirsanaa Operation Gothic Serpent ka fuliyay agagaarka Suuqa Bakaaraha iyo Hoteelkii Olympic, iyaga oo doonayay inay gacanta ku soo dhigaan laba sarkaal oo sare oo ka tirsanaa Isbahaysigii Qaranka Soomaaliyeed. Hawlgalkaas, oo loo qorsheeyay inuu muddo kooban ku dhammaado, ayaa isu beddelay dagaal daba dheeraaday, kaddib markii xoogaggii hubaysnaa ee Soomaalidu ay soo rideen laba diyaaradood oo qumaatiga u kaca oo nooca Black Hawk ahaa. Saddex diyaaradood oo kalena waxaa soo gaaray waxyeello.

Dagaalka ayaa ku fiday waddooyin iyo xaafado ka tirsan Muqdisho, waxaana ciidammadii Maraykanka qaarkood ku adkaatay inay ka baxaan goobihii lagu dagaallamayay. Subaxnimadii 4tii Oktoobar, waxaa gurmad u fidiyay ciidammo isugu jiray Maraykan, Malaysiyaan iyo Bakistaan, iyaga oo adeegsanayay gaadiidka gaashaaman ee Malaysiya iyo taangiyada Bakistaan. Gurmadkaasi wuxuu suurtageliyay in la daadgureeyo ciidammadii ku go’doonsanaa qaybo ka tirsan magaalada Muqdisho.

Dagaalkan, oo socday ku dhowaad 18 saacadood, waxaa ku dhintay 18 askari oo Maraykan ah iyo askari Malaysiyaan ah, halka tobannaan kalena ay ku dhaawacmeen. Waxaa, sidoo kale, nolol lagu qabtay duuliyihii Maraykanka ee Michael Durant, oo markii danbe la sii daayay. Dhanka Soomaalida, khasaaruhu aad buu u badnaa, inkasta oo aan weli la hayn tiro kama dambays ah oo si madaxbannaan loo xaqiijiyay. Warbixinta Human Rights Watch ayaa lagu sheegay in in ka badan 200 oo Soomaali ah ay ku dhinteen, ilaa 700 kalena ku dhaawacmeen, halka warbixinno kale ay soo bandhigeen qiyaaso ka sarreeya. Dadka waxyeelladu gaartay waxaa ku jiray dagaalyahanno iyo dad rayid ah.

Inkasta oo dagaalka inta badan lagu soo koobo ciidammada Maraykanka iyo xoogaggii Jeneraal Caydiid, haddana waxaa jira warbixinno taariikheed oo tilmaamaya kaalintii kooxihii Islaamiyiinta Soomaaliyeed iyo xubno xiriir la lahaa al-Qaacidda. Warbixintii Guddigii Baarista Weerarradii 11kii Sebteenbar ee Maraykanka ayaa sheegtay in al-Qaacidda ay hub iyo tababarayaal u dirtay kooxo Soomaaliyeed oo la dagaallamayay ciidammada Maraykanka. Waxaa, sidoo kale, jira qoraallo ka hadlaya xiriirkii al-Qaacidda iyo al-Itixaad al-Islaami. Hasayeeshee, baaxadda doorkii tooska ahaa ee kooxahaasi ku lahaayeen dagaalkii 3–4 Oktoobar iyo cidda fulisay weerarradii lagu soo riday diyaaradaha ayaa weli u baahan caddayn iyo kalasaarid taariikheed.

Dagaalkaas waxaa, sidoo kale, ka dhashay khasaare naf iyo maalba lahaa oo soo gaaray qoysas Soomaaliyeed oo aan ka qaybgelin dagaalka. Warbixinnada taariikheed iyo maragfurka dadkii goobta ku sugnaa ayaa ka warramay duqaymaha, rasaastii ku dhacday guryaha, barakacii iyo argaggaxii ay la kulmeen dadkii ku noolaa xaafadihii lagu dagaallamayay. Qaar ka mid ah qoysaskaasi waxay sidoo kale sheegeen in ciidammadii Maraykanku ay guryahooda galeen, kuna sugnaayeen intii dagaalku socday. Dhacdooyinkani waxay dhaliyeen su’aalo la xiriira ilaalinta dadka rayidka ah iyo masuuliyadda dhinacyadii dagaallamayay.

Dagaalkii Muqdisho ayaa saamayn weyn kaga tegay xusuusta bulshada iyo suugaanta Soomaalida. Waxaa laga curiyay suugaan badan, gaar ahaan godka shiribka, oo lagu cabbiray dareenkii bulshada, dhacdooyinkii dagaalka iyo dhibaatadii dadka rayidka ah. Shiribyada dagaalkaas lagu xusuusto waxaa ka mid ah:

“Raanjaris ma rootiyaa
 Rayidkii aaba raamsadee?!”— Shirib Hore

Dhinaca kale, Dagaalkii Muqdisho ayaa, sidoo kale, saameeyay siyaasaddii Maraykanka ee Soomaaliya. 7dii Oktoobar 1993kii, Madaxweyne Bill Clinton ayaa ku dhawaaqay qorshe ciidammada Maraykanka looga saarayo Soomaaliya ugu danbayn 31ka Maarso 1994kii. 16kii Nofeenbar 1993kii, Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa soo saaray Qaraarkii 885, oo lagu dhisay guddi baaritaan, laguna hakiyay hawlgalladii lagu soo qabanayay dadkii lagu tuhmay weerarradii ciidammada Qaramada Midoobay. Ciidammadii Maraykanka ayaa dalka ka baxay Maarso 1994kii, halka Hawlgalkii UNOSOM II uu soo gabaggoobay Maarso 1995kii.

Dagaalkii Muqdisho iyo Tebintiisa

Dagaalkaas waxaa markii danbe laga qoray buuagag, lagana sameeyay filimo iyo taxanayaal dukumentari ah. Waxaa ka mid ah buuggii uu Mark Bowden soo saaray 1999kii ee Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, filimkii Black Hawk Down ee uu hagayay Ridley Scott, oo soo baxay 2001kii, iyo taxanihii dukumentariga ahaa ee Surviving Black Hawk Down, oo ay Netflix baahisay 10kii Febraayo 2025kii.

Taxanaha Surviving Black Hawk Down, oo ka kooban saddex qaybood, ayaa waraysiyo la yeeshay askartii Maraykanka, dagaalyahannadii Soomaalida iyo dad rayid ah oo ka badbaaday dagaalkii Muqdisho. Dadka lagu waraystay waxaa ka mid ah hooyo Binti Cali Wardheere, oo dagaalkaas ku weyday saygeedii iyo laba wiil oo ay dhashay, halka gabadheeda Ifraax ay indhaha waxyeello ka soo gaartay. Waxaa, sidoo kale, lagu soo bandhigay maragfurka dad Soomaaliyeed oo xusuusta dhibaatadii ay kala kulmeen diyaaradaha dagaalka iyo weerarradii xaafadahooda ka dhacay.

Waraysiyadaasi waxay muujinayaan sida ay xusuusta dhacdadu ugu kala duwan tahay ciidammadii dagaallamay iyo dadkii rayidka ahaa ee ku dhex noolaa. Waxay, sidoo kale, dib u soo nooleeyeen doodda ku saabsan cidda sheekada laga dhegaysto, xogta mudnaanta la siiyo iyo sida loo diiwaangeliyo khasaaraha iyo waaya-aragnimada dadka Soomaaliyeed. Sidaas awgeed, fahanka dagaalkaas kuma koobna oo keliya hawlgalkii ciidammada, diyaaradaha la soo riday iyo khasaaraha milatari, balse wuxuu sidoo kale u baahan yahay daraasaynta nolosha dadkii rayidka ahaa iyo dhacdooyinkii ka horreeyay dagaalka.

Soddon iyo saddex sano ayaa maanta laga joogaa dagaalkii Muqdisho ee 3–4 Oktoobar 1993kii, oo weli ka mid ah dhacdooyinka sida weyn loogu xusuusto sooyaalka colaaddii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, faragelintii ciidammada shisheeye iyo khasaaraha naf iyo maalba lahaa ee dagaalladii Muqdisho. Diiwaangelinta dhacdadan, ururinta maragfurka dadkii ay waxyeelladu gaartay iyo iskudubarididda ilaha Soomaaliyeed iyo kuwa caalamiga ahi waxay muhiim u yihiin in jiilalka danbe ay helaan xog sugan oo dhinacyo kala duwan ka tarjumaysa.

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Tixraacyo

  1. United Nations Security Council. (1992–1993). Resolutions 751 (1992), 794 (1992), 814 (1993), 837 (1993), and 885 (1993). Qaraarradii aasaaska UNOSOM I, hawlgalkii UNITAF, ballaarintii UNOSOM II, weerarradii Juun iyo guddigii baaritaanka ee Nofeenbar 1993. 
  2. United Nations Peacekeeping. United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I): Mandate. Sooyaalkii hawlgalkii ugu horreeyay, sugidda gargaarka iyo la socoshadii xabbadjoojinta.
  3. United Nations Peacekeeping. United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II): Background and Mandate. Hawlgalladii Qaramada Midoobay, colaaddii ka dhex dhalatay UNOSOM iyo Isbahaysigii Caydiid, iyo ka bixitaankii 1995kii.
  4. U.S. Army Center of Military History. (2003). United States Forces, Somalia: After Action Report and Historical Overview. Warbixinta hawlgalladii milatari ee Maraykanka 1992–1994, dagaalkii Muqdisho iyo daadgureyntii ciidammadii go’doonsanaa.
  5. Stewart, R. W. (2002). The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Daraasad ku saabsan faragelintii Maraykanka iyo caqabadihii hawlgalku la kulmay.
  6. Human Rights Watch. (1995). Somalia Faces the Future: Human Rights in a Fragmented Society. Warbixin ku saabsan xaaladda xuquuqda aadanaha, duqayntii 12kii Luulyo, dagaalkii 3–4 Oktoobar iyo waxyeelladii dadka rayidka ah.
  7. De Waal, A. (1998). US War Crimes in Somalia. New Left Review, I(230), 131–144. Falanqayn ku saabsan hawlgalladii milatari ee Maraykanka, xuquuqda dadka rayidka ah iyo masuuliyadda xeerarka dagaalka.
  8. Bowden, M. (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Atlantic Monthly Press. Buug ka warramaya hawlgalkii 3–4 Oktoobar, goobjoogayaashii dagaalka, khasaaraha iyo dhacdooyinkii Muqdisho.
  9. Wasdin, H. E., & Templin, S. (2011). SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper. St. Martin’s Press. Xusuusqorka hawlgalladii SEAL Team Six, raadintii Caydiid, xaruntii Pasha iyo qabashadii Cismaan Cali Caato.
  10. Atkinson, R. (1994, January 31). Night of a Thousand Casualties. The Washington Post. Warbixin faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan dagaalkii Muqdisho, dhacdooyinkiisii iyo maragfurka dhinacyadii ka qaybgalay.
  11. Noor, I. (2020, October 3). NST175: How Our Men Saved US Troops in Bakara Battle. New Straits Times. Warbixin ku saabsan kaalintii ciidammada Malaysiya iyo gurmadkii loo fidiyay ciidammada Maraykanka.
  12. Clinton, W. J. (1993, October 7). Address to the Nation on Somalia. Khudbaddii Madaxweyne Bill Clinton ee ku saabsanayd dagaalkii Muqdisho iyo qorshihii ciidammada Maraykanka looga saarayo Soomaaliya.
  13. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 2. Warbixinta Guddigii 9/11, oo qayb ka mid ahi ka hadlaysay taageeradii Al-Qaacidda ay siisay kooxo hubaysnaa oo Soomaaliyeed.
  14. U.S. Department of Justice. (1998, November 4). U.S. Charges Relating to Osama Bin Laden’s Connection to the 1993 Mogadishu Attacks. Dukumentiyada dacwaddii ka dhanka ahayd Usaama Bin Laadin iyo Maxamed Caadif, ee PBS FRONTLINE soo bandhigtay.
  15. Shinn, D. H. (2007). Al-Qaeda in East Africa and the Horn. Journal of Conflict Studies, 27(1). Cilmibaaris ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqyadii Al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika iyo Geeska Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan kuwii Soomaaliya.
  16. Patman, R. G. (2015). The Roots of Strategic Failure: The Somalia Syndrome and Al Qaeda’s Path to 9/11. International Politics, 52(1). Daraasad ku saabsan saameyntii faragelintii Soomaaliya ku yeelatay siyaasaddii arrimaha dibedda ee Maraykanka.
  17. Roggio, B. (2011, December 31). Shabaab Leader Recounts Al Qaeda’s Role in Somalia in the 1990s. FDD’s Long War Journal. Warbixin soo xiganaysa sheegashooyinkii Axmed Cabdi Aw Maxamed (Godane) ee ku saabsanaa kaalintii Al-Qaacidda.
  18. PBS FRONTLINE. (1998). Ambush in Mogadishu. Baaritaan iyo dukumentari ku saabsan dagaalkii Muqdisho, go’aammadii milatari ee Maraykanka iyo sheegashooyinka ku saabsan xiriirkii Al-Qaacidda.
  19. Mire Aadam, C. (2011). Kobocii Islaamiyiinta Soomaaliya, 1952–2002. Horyaal Printing Center, Boosaaso. Buug uu qoray Cabdishakuur Mire Aadam (Cobol), oo ka hadlaya taariikhda ururradii Islaamiyiinta Soomaaliyeed iyo dhacdooyinkii siyaasadeed iyo milatari ee ay ku lug lahaayeen.
  20. Committee to Protect Journalists. (1993). Dan Eldon — Killed in Mogadishu, Somalia. Diiwaanka dilkii sawirqaade Dan Eldon iyo saddexdii saxafi ee lala dilay 12kii Luulyo 1993kii.
  21. Committee to Protect Journalists. (1994). Journalists Killed in 1993: Hosea Maina. Warbixin ku saabsan dilkii Hosea Maina, Dan Eldon, Anthony Macharia iyo Hansi Krauss, iyo dhaawacii Maxamed Shaffi.
  22. Reuters. (1993, July 18). Sole Surviving Reuters Journalist Describes Somali Mob’s Attack. Warbixin ku saabsan maragfurkii Maxamed Shaffi ee weerarkii lagu dilay afarta saxafi, laguna daabacay Los Angeles Times.
  23. Dan Eldon Foundation. Journeys in Film: Dying to Tell the Story. Taariikh-nololeedka Dan Eldon, socdaalkiisii Soomaaliya iyo sawirradii macaluushii 1992kii.
  24. Scott, R. (Director). (2001). Black Hawk Down [Film]. Columbia Pictures. Filimkii laga sameeyay buuggii Mark Bowden iyo dhacdooyinkii 3–4 Oktoobar 1993.
  25. Netflix. (2025). Surviving Black Hawk Down [Documentary series]. Ridley Scott Associates. Taxane saddex qaybood ka kooban oo lagu waraystay dagaalyahanno iyo dad rayid ah oo ka badbaaday dagaalkii Muqdisho.
  26. Clarke, R. A. (2004). Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror. Free Press. Xusuusqor ka warramaya siyaasaddii amniga Maraykanka iyo go’aammadii la xiriiray hawlgalladii Soomaaliya.